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Molecular techniques are now essential for discovering new functional genes for the improvement of cultured marine organisms. Such techniques can be used to obtain expressed sequence tags (EST) and, through the use of microarrays, the entire transcriptome. For example, microarrays can be used to reveal biomarkers of health conditions, nutrient changes and immune response in fish and shellfish. EST-based...
Recent progress in genome-based breeding has created various fish strains carrying desirable genetic traits; however, methods for the long-term preservation of their genetic resources have not yet been developed, mainly due to the lack of cryopreservation techniques for fish eggs and embryos. Recently, we established an alternative cryopreservation technique for fish spermatogonia using a slow-freezing...
n−3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n−3LC-PUFA) are essential components of vertebrate membrane lipids and are now at critically low levels in modern Western diets. The main human dietary source for n−3LC-PUFA is fish and seafood, and over 50% of global fish production is currently supplied by aquaculture. However, increasing pressure to include vegetable oils, which are devoid of n−3LC-PUFA,...
Comparative genomics is a powerful tool to transfer knowledge coming from model fish species to non-model fish species of economic or/and evolutionary interest. Such transfer is of importance as functional studies either are difficult to perform with most non-model species. The first comparative map constructed using the human and the chimpanzee genome allowed the identification of putative orthologues...
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are believed to contain relevant information and have been therefore extensively used as genetic markers in population and conservation genetics, and molecular ecology studies. This study reports on the identification of potential SNPs in a diploid European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax genome by using reference sequences from three assembled chromosomes and...
The Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, is an important species both for traditional fishery and increasingly also in fish farming. The Atlantic cod is also under potential threat from various environmental changes such as pollution and climate change, but the biological impact of such changes are not well known, in particular when it comes to sublethal effects that can be difficult to assert. Modern molecular...
Antimicrobial polypeptides (AMPPs), consisting of peptides and small proteins with antimicrobial activity, are an integral component of innate immunity. Their often potent properties and widespread prevalence in fish suggests that designing means of manipulating their levels has considerable potential for maintaining or improving fish health. There is evidence that a number of chronic stresses lead...
One of the main constrains for commercial aquaculture production of white seabream (Diplodus sargus) is the high incidence of skeletal malformations in reared fish. The purpose of this study was to obtain a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the development of these types of skeletal malformations by comparative proteomic analysis of the vertebral column of normal and deformed fish...
The cDNA microarrays have played a major role in functional genomics of fish and contributed substantially to different areas of aquaculture research. However at present these platforms are gradually substituted with oligonucleotide microarrays (ONM), which represent the most cost-efficient, flexible, powerful and accurate tool for multiple gene expression profiling, especially in species with rich...
The Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is an emerging aquaculture species. Efforts to develop and characterize its genomic recourses, including draft-grade genome sequencing, have been initiated by the research community. The transcriptome represents the whole complement of RNA transcripts in cells and tissues and reflects the expressed genes at various life stages, tissue types, physiological states, and...
Major progress has been made in catfish genomics including construction of high-density genetic linkage maps, BAC-based physical maps, and integration of genetic linkage and physical maps. Large numbers of ESTs have been generated from both channel catfish and blue catfish. Microarray platforms have been developed for the analysis of genome expression. Genome repeat structures are studied, laying...
The myosin heavy chain gene, MYH M743-2 , is highly expressed in fast muscle fibers of torafugu embryos. However, the regulatory mechanisms involved in its expression have been unclear. In this study, we examined spatio-temporal expression patterns of this gene during development by injecting expression vectors containing the GFP reporter gene fused to the 5'-flanking region of MYH...
Hibernation is an energy-saving strategy used by diverse species of mammals to survive winter. It is characterized by cycles between multi-day periods of torpor with low body temperature (T b ), and short periods of rapid, spontaneous rewarming. The ability to retain cellular integrity and function throughout torpor and rewarming is a key attribute of hibernation. Livers from winter hibernators...
The present study describes the transcriptional profiles of selected immune and stress genes with putative important roles in the cutaneous immune defense of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). In addition it shows differential expression of many genes at the dorsal and ventral sides of fish, in general having the highest expression at the latter side. Genes related to antibacterial activity, antiviral response,...
The mitochondrial genome is a significant tool for investigating the evolutionary history of metazoan animals. The currently available mitochondrial genome data in GenBank is limited to understand the detail evolutionary relationship among the metazoan animals, especially in the phylum Annelida. Here we present the mitochondrial gene organization, gene order and codon usage of the leech Whitmania...
The genome of the choanoflagellate Monosiga brevicollis contains at least three genes for the phosphoryl transfer enzyme, arginine kinase (AK; EC 2.7.3.3). Bioinformatic analyses of the deduced amino acid sequences of the proteins coded for by two of these genes showed that one of these AKs is cytoplasmic (denoted AK1) while the other appears to have an N-terminal mitochondrial targeting peptide (denoted...
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